The Necessity Of Positive And Normative Economics Essays

The Necessity Of Positive And Normative Economics Keynes once wrote: The object of a positive science is the establishment of uniformities, of a normative science the determination of ideals. (Blaug, 122) This is the dichotomy that economists recognize when approaching their field of study. The social scientist must recognize both positive and normative distinctions, means and ends, as important factors of fruitful research. Secondly, they must clearly express the conditions and assumption which theories holds in order for economics to be useful for society. Positive science is that which is a fact of nature or a fact by definition. In mathematics this is the difference between the knowledge that the angles of a triangle sum to 180 degrees, and the definition of a triangle as a two dimensional polygon with 3 sides. In economics, such facts of knowledge include that money is a store of value, or facts of definition that the UNs Human Development Index ranks Canada above Mexico. These are all positive facts. Whether they rely or are associated with values does not reduce their factualness to a normative realm. One cannot refute positive statements by claiming they are arrived at due to values. It is up to normative science to judge the value of the HDI, a positive fact, and not mistake this action as denying the existence of the HDI. This is probably better stated with a topic from macroeconomics. Suppose that some economists agree that inflation produces the social cost of having to adjust prices to new levels. This is a completely positive statement. As long as every term has been clearly defined, one can understand the relation between inflation (as defined) and cost (as defined). Yes, the definitions have been chosen based on specific values, but this does not disaffirm the statement as a true reflection of reality. Suppose we make a true statement which denies that inflation produces this social cost, by defining inflation or the cost differently. The old positive fact of reality that the first statement asserted has not changed. By changing definitions, we have merely created a new positive statement. A statement is a true positive fact, according to Weston, when it is consistent with definitions and axioms that define the system. We are not necessarily saying anything about what is true outside of that sys tem. (Weston, 4) The values we have based each statement on does not induce them into the sphere of normative science. Neither makes any statement concerning the values of inflation or costs, nor that one statement is preferable over the other. Here lies the duty of the economist: to make a normative decision on which positive statements are most applicable to the needs of society. Do we want to evaluate policy based on inflation definition number one or two? Do we care about social cost one more than social cost two? These are in the scope of normative science. Effectual positive facts are the means in reality to achieve ends. In this manner, economics is not value-free, and for good reason. There must be some utility gained from knowledge for research to be beneficial to mankind. Positive facts are not study for the sake of learning positive facts, but as a possible means to an end. Normative economics are those value statements which guide our use and development of positive science. Positive facts are not limited by our values, but we can use our values to determine which positive statements are of most interest to society. Positive statements are the basis for any science, but do little good for mankind if we do not evaluate and distinguish some statements as more useful than others. Thus positive science is made fruitful through normative values, and reciprocally, normative judgments are based on objective positive science. It is best to demonstrate this with an example from a less controversial science, physics. If a physicist decides that we need to further study thermodynamics in a specific way because of the needs of applications in space, his approach is a normative decision based on the normative desires of some group of people. However, the results which he arrives at will remain true for the conditions and viewpoint specified, despite the value to the space industry, which may

Fahrenheit 451 Part 1 Responses Essays

Fahrenheit 451 Part 1 Responses Essays Fahrenheit 451 Part 1 Responses Essay Fahrenheit 451 Part 1 Responses Essay Essay Topic: Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 Part 1 Responses 1. The significance of Montag seeing his reflection in Clarisse’s eyes is that it shows that Clarisse is different. She is special. In this dystopia that Ray Bradbury has made, Clarisse is the one unique part of the society, the â€Å"flaw. † 2. In the childhood memory that Clarisse caused Montag to recall, Montag was a child and the power went out in his house. Montag’s mother had lit a candle. He found an â€Å"hour of rediscovery, of such illumination that space lost its vast dimensions and drew comfortably around them,† and both mother and son transformed, hoping that the power doesn’t come back on. . The two mannerisms, of Montag, that Clarisse pointed out were that Montag laughs at the things she says, regardless of if they’re funny or not, and that he doesnt take a few minutes or some amount of time to think before answering her questions. 4. The Mclellans were looked at as peculi ar because they would do things such as leave all the lights open in their house, stay up, and talk with eachother. Clarisse’s uncle would often get jailed for doing something â€Å"wrong† and against the law. 5. Clarisse asks Montag, â€Å"Are you happy? † and this is significant because this question loops in Montag’s head for the rest of the book. This question sparks this so-called â€Å"revolution† in Montag’s head. 6. The extended metaphor that describes Clarisse through Montag’s eyes when he went inside his home was, â€Å"She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a night when you waken to see the time and see the clock telling you the hour and the minute and the second, with a white silence and a glowing, all certainty and knowing what it has to tell of the night passing swiftly on toward further darknesses but moving also toward a new sun. † 7. : Clarisse  is inquisitive and thoughtful, and, at first, seems to irritate Montag because she challenges his beliefs with her questioning. In a society where reading, driving slowly, and walking outside are outlawed a conversation is rare, Clarisse’s love for nature and curiosity of people is extremely peculiar. She is forced to go to a psychiatrist for behaviors like hiking and thinking independently. Her family, and especially her uncle, is behind all of this. At night, the McClellan house’s lights are on contrasting with the surrounding area’s silence and darkness. Montag accuses Clarisse of thinking too much. In the end, Clarisse opens Montag’s eyes, and recognizes that he is different from everyone else. Before they met, Montag was full of fascination with only of the fire. Montag’s feels fascinated by Clarisse, yet he also feels pressured. Clarisse takes Montag’s â€Å"mask of happiness†, and forces him to confront the deeper reality of the situation. She is like a reflection of himself. He feels that she is connected to him in some way, as if she had been waiting for him, around the corner. As Montag looks back on his meeting with her, the encounter seems more and more important and significant. 8. The bedroom is shared by Montag and his wife, Mildred. It is cold and the opposite of homey. The significance is that Montag refers to  the room  as â€Å"empty†, and then says that it is not physically empty because Mildred is laying there, but feels empty, characterizing Mildred. 9. Clarisse McClellan is a beautiful and â€Å"crazy† seventeen-year-old who introduces Montag to the worlds potential with her innocence and curiosity. She is out-casted from society because of her peculiar habits, which include hiking and asking questions, but she and her family seem happy with themselves and each other. 10. Clarisse says Montag is different from other firemen in that he stops for her and is willing to have a conversation with her. Most firemen tend to just walk away and let her babble on to herself, but Montag seems interested in the things that Clarisse says. 11. The mechanical hound is a man-made monster. It is a â€Å"hollow† enforcer that kills things that it is programmed to. It either kills or disables its â€Å"target†. Physically, the hound has eight-legs. A needle from its nose stuns, paralyzes, wounds, poisons, and/or kills its victim. 12. Antisocial: unwilling or unable to associate in a normal or friendly way with other people, but, in the case of this novel, antisocial means someone who is odd, peculiar, someone who doesn’t follow the â€Å"rules† of society. This term is used for Clarisse. 13. Clarrise says that people dont talk anymore. If they do talk, it is about something superficial that have no real meaning or anything of that sort behind them. 4. Montag asks if burning books had always been a firemans role in the society. The other firemen are shocked the question. This question offends their comfortable belief system, and Montag is dismissed as someone who is misinformed, but this is just the beginning of Montag’s â€Å"awakening. † 15. The woman said, Play the man, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such a candle, by Gods grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out. Beatty later explains this to Montag and the others. In 1655 a man named Latimer said this to his fellow Nicholas Ridley before they were burnt alive for heresy. Just like the firemen are ready to burn the books for their beliefs, the woman is ready to burn for her books and beliefs. Montag steals a few books and lays awake all night thinking about the powerful message that the woman had said. 16. Montag feels horrible for the old woman, but, at the same time, he feels jealous of her. She is standing up for what is right, but he hides behind his title. He steals books from her house and hides them to later read. Even though he feels bad for this, he is actually rebelling. 17. Their job is not to put out physical fires, as it should be, but to put out the fire of discontent. As long as people remained â€Å"happy,† everything worked out. Intellectuals became very unpredictable and dangerous people. People who read books and thought for themselves molded ideas against the government. Firemen became the guardians of peoples comfort. They destroy books before people could read and use them to form ideas. These ideas could threaten equality and happiness of the people in society.

Learning Mandarin Chinese

Learning Mandarin Chinese Mandarin Chinese is a difficult language to learn, especially given its unintuitive pronunciations and use of characters rather than an alphabet system. Learning Chinese can be a daunting idea, and often many beginner students dont know where to start. If you are feeling overwhelmed, this guide can give you the basic building blocks of Chinese grammar, introductory vocabulary, and pronunciation tips to help you build a foundation in Chinese. Be sure to click on hyperlinked text to access each lesson. The 4 Mandarin Tones Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language. Meaning, the way a syllable is pronounced in terms of sound and tone changes its meaning. For example, the syllable ma can mean horse, mother, scold, or hemp depending on which tone is used. Mastery of the four  Mandarin tones  is the essential first step to  learning this language. The  four Mandarin tones  are high and level, rising, falling then rising, and falling. You must be able to pronounce  and  understand the Mandarin Tones.   Once you have learned the tones, you can start learning new vocabulary and phrases while learning pinyin Romanization. Reading and writing Chinese characters is the last step. Mandarin Pronunciation Guide There are 37 unique sounds in Mandarin Chinese, which consist of 21 consonants and 16 vowels. Through a myriad of combinations, around 420 different syllables can be produced and are used in the Chinese language.   Lets take the Chinese word for often as an example. The character  Ã¥ ¸ ¸ is pronounced as chng, which is a combination of the sounds ch and ang.   The sound  chart in this guide has audio files of all 37 sounds along with their Pinyin spellings. Pinyin Romanization Pinyin  is a way to write Chinese using the Roman (Western) alphabet. It is the most common of many forms of  Romanization, and is used in most teaching materials particularly for Western students learning Chinese. Pinyin allows beginner  Mandarin  students to read and write Chinese without using Chinese characters. This allows students to concentrate on spoken Mandarin before tackling the formidable task of  learning Chinese characters.   Because pinyin has many pronunciations  which are unintuitive to English speakers, it is necessary to study the pinyin system to avoid pronunciation errors.   Introduction to PinyinPinyin Pronunciation Essential Vocabulary Of course, there is a seemingly endless of vocabulary words to learn. Ease yourself in by starting with some of the most commonly used, everyday Chinese words. In order to refer to people in a conversation, you will need to know Mandarin pronouns. This is the equivalent to terms like I, you, he, she, they, we.  Mandarin words for colors  is also elementary vocabulary that can be easily learned. As you see different colors in your everyday life, try and remember the Chinese word for it.   Understanding Mandarin numbers  is also a good place to start. After you have mastered reading, writing, and pronouncing numbers, learning  calendar terms  (such as days  in  the week and months) and how to  tell time  will be easier.   Conversation Topics As you progress in your mastery of Mandarin, you will be able to have conversations. These lessons will prepare you for conversing about particular topics. All conversations start with a greeting. Learn Mandarin greetings  to be able to say hello or good afternoon! In introducing yourself, common questions might be where are you from? or where do you live? This handy list of  Mandarin names for North American cities  can help you respond. Many social events and get-togethers happen at restaurants. Learning  food vocabulary  and  restaurant vocabulary  can be helpful so that you know what to order or how to ask for help if you need another pair of chopsticks. If you are traveling in a Chinese-speaking country, you may be staying in a hotel or have to deal with banking in terms of withdrawing money, exchanging money, and so on. These  hotel vocabulary  and  banking vocabulary  lessons can be a good addition. Mandarin Grammar Mandarin Chinese grammar is very different from English and other Western languages. The first step is learning basic  Mandarin sentence Structures. For a beginner-level Mandarin student, it is also important to know how to  ask questions in Chinese  because asking questions is the best way to learn about a language and a culture. Particularly helpful questions to know include how do you say X in Chinese? or what does this idiom mean?  Ã‚   An interesting difference between English and Chinese is the use of  Mandarin measure words. For instance, in English one would say a piece of paper or a loaf of bread. In these examples, piece and loaf are measure words for the nouns paper and bread. In Chinese, there are many more measure words. Reading and Writing Chinese Characters Chinese characters  are the hardest part of learning Mandarin. There are over 50,000 Chinese characters, and a dictionary will typically list 20,000 characters. An educated Chinese person will know around 8,000 characters. And to read a newspaper you must learn about 2,000 to read a newspaper. The point is, there are a lot of characters! While the only way to really learn characters is to memorize them, knowing character  radicals  can give you some hints too. Engaging with beginner-level  Chinese text and books  can be a great way to practice. If you want to practice by writing Chinese online, here is how you can  write Chinese characters using Windows XP.

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Political Science - Essay Example When Barak Obama was elected the President of the United States it reflected the need for change. It showed how desperately the people of America wanted to change the political situation in the world and within the country. I too was very optimistic when Barak Obama was elected the new President of the country because he expressed his desire to bring a change. It was clear from his speeches that Obama was keen to solve the economic, ethnic, and war issues that the country is facing through peace talks. Soon after the election, President Obama ordered the closure of Guantanamo Bay prison (BBC News), which I personally appreciated as the prison was a clear violation of human rights. But soon after the President took the office it became clear that not much has really changed. The economy of the country is getting worse every day. In March 2009, the national debt of United States was 11 trillion dollars, which was the highest recorded in the history of the country (Knoller). Currently, the debt of the country is increasing which is having a severe attack on the economy. Moreover, Obama’s policies on terrorism are quite similar to the policies of Bush administration. Even though some promising speeches were made by the President before the elections, no implementation is seen. The President has been in the office for almost two years now and still no significant improvement can be seen in any sector. The country is still spending billions of dollars annually on the Israel which is a clear violation of human Rights, no end can be seen to the war in Iraq, no significant measures are being taken to improve the political situation of the world, and the economy of United States seem to be getting worse. I have not seen any notable â€Å"change† in the politics of the country or any improvement in any area. Even though I was initially optimistic about the World Politics in the beginning, I cannot help but be a little sceptical after two years. However, when

Social problems in American society Research Paper

Social problems in American society - Research Paper Example   In normal circumstances, it is only the police and a few dignitaries that are licensed to possess guns. However, with the increasing insecurity, citizens have pushed the government to allow them own guns, since they feel the police do not offer them timely protection. Amidst the requests, they have been concerned about how well the citizens are going to use the firearms once allowed. In as much as such possession is meant to minimize on insecurity, there are fears that it might increase vulnerability instead. The people who are authorized to possess firearms are under an oath to use them only when it is necessary. However, extending such a privilege to the citizens may increase their misuse and hence making America even more insecure.TerrorismThe United States of America has been the target for terrorism since time immemorial. The target has been due to their international operations, some which are humanitarian and others to protect their interests Mooney, Knox & Schacht, 2014). The country has faced some terrorist attack, both on their local and global investments. Terrorism has diverse effects on the economy and more especially on foreign investments. Terrorists usually target a productive economic zone, to destroy not only property but also people. Considering the destruction done, it takes quite some time, or even never, to recover from the losses. Once investors realize that a region is prone to terrorist attacks, they shy from establishing the investments, and hence affecting economic growth.  

Development of soft palate Essay Example for Free

Development of soft palate Essay Triangular area of hard palate anterior to incisive foramen Forms during 4th to 7th week of Gestation Two maxillary swellings merge and two medial nasal swelling fuse Formed by the fusion of medial nasal processes Secondary Palate- Remaining hard palate and all of soft palate Forms in 6th to 9th weeks of gestation Palatal shelves change from vertical to horizontal position and fuse Formed by fusion of maxillary process- Soft palate Is musculo-membranous curtain that separates the oropharynx from the oral space and the nasopharynx from the nasal space. It functions as flap valve closes off nasopharynx during swallowing. Its anterior margin is attached to the posterior border of hard palate by fibrous tissue known as palatal aponeurosis i. e. It is a collection of muscles with central aponeurosis. It Is continuous with the floor of the nasal cavity and covered with pseudo-stratlfled columnar ciliated epithelium and oral surface is covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Anatomic factors- The anatomy of the soft palate reveals a symmetrical and a radial distribution of the muscles and their fibers. The soft palate is part of a dual valve system which eparates the oropharynx from the oral space and the nasopharynx from the nasal space. The function of the soft palate in these dual valving actions requires freedom of movement in three dimensions or planes of space, i. e. , superoinferiorly, medlolaterally, and anteroposterlorly. A denture which contacts the soft palate then must conform to the requirements for freedom of movement of the palate. Therefore, an impression should be made when the soft palate is placed at a desired denture border position. This functional position of the soft palate may be achieved when the atient, seated in the upright position, flexes his head 30 degrees forward and places his tongue under tension against either the handle of the impression tray or the dentists finger which is held in the region of the upper maxillary incisors. The tongue should be retained in a state of tension within the arch form, and should not protrude beyond the lips. Neuropnyslologlc Tactors The soft palate as a component of an oropharyngeal valve may be considered as the analogue of the upper lip and the distal part of the dorsum of the tongue as the analogue of the lower lip. The soft palate and tongue thus contact and separate as hey protrude backward and forward to selectively permit food and air to pass the fauces for swallowing, speech, and respiration. The neurologic control for the valving action is mediated by the ninth and tenth cranial nerves for the palate and tongue (these nerves have both high somatic conscious and visceral automatic components) and by the twelfth cranial nerve which is dominated by the somatic conscious motor component. It is this latter phenomenon, wherein the rich conscious nerve control of the tongue muscles prevails, that makes it possible for the patient to respond to erbal and tactile stimuli to alter the position of the contiguous muscles of the soft palate. Even though there is a large proportion of visceral components in the ninth and tenth cranial nerves, it does not imply that the soft palate cannot be conditioned to respond appropriately to the denture which encroaches upon its environment. It merely suggests that more time may be required to condition the soft palate tissue to adapt to the presence of the denture which initiates a gag reflex. The physical stimuli of the denture base must be inhibited or suppressed so that the posterior border an become an extension of the patients biologic self in the same manner as the other borders. To facilitate the patients adjustment to the denture touching the soft palate, the border should be convex in contour on both the tongue and soft-palate sides. This recommendation is supported by Litvak, Silverman, and Garfinkels in a recent study wherein patients identified objects with many line angles in the mouth more readily than those with few line angles.

Essay --

Marivic D. Toledo Eng2 X-1R LRP (Final draft) Landfilling: The Philippines’ Next Method of Waste Reduction The world, reaching the edge of vulnerability, suffers from small to large capacity of calamities caused by either natural or human activities. From North to South, the melting of glaciers causing sea level rise, and from East to West, the extreme and strenuous heat of the sun withering soils and root crops leading to intense scarcity - all eventually become the first and foremost factor to human suffering and misery. Philippines, a developing country, suffers most in this predicament together with the belonging nations, informally called as â€Å"Third World countries†. However, these calamities are not done generally by those of the developed countries alone. All nations: American, Asian, African or whatever nationality contributes to the worsening Global warming that is currently experienced worldwide; making the citizenry all liable and responsible for any undue instances and effects accompanying it. Generally, there are different factors that affect and cause this environmental phenomenon. One of these is solid waste. Solid wastes are waste materials and residue which are either made of plastics, woods, metals and the like which eventually, as of to date, continuously increases. Due to increasing solid waste, improper implementation of solid waste segregation, and ineffective usage of numbers of sanitary landfills in the Philippines, improvisation and implementation of sanitary landfi lls and developmental programs should be imposed by the Local Government Units nationwide for maintenance and execution of proper waste segregation. With these, the problem on solid waste management can be minimized. Basically, landfill is a me... ...e problems but did not become effective enough to maximize its full use because of the different problems encountered upon implementation. But by following proper techniques and strategies, these problems can be addressed. All people have their own respective responsibilities which they are required to live by. Depending on one organization or a certain group of people is not even the key in minimizing the country’s waste problems. Together with responsible leaders, it requires full participation and cooperation of every citizen in doing necessary measures on waste reduction. Actions are already made, only that it should be improved and properly implemented to maximize its full use. All of these – when done with unity and perseverance – will be the most powerful and effective tool in minimizing solid waste management problems and achieving a better - healthier life.

Fighting Methods Essay

World War 1 Since fire power (guns) had now become the main weapon of use, people began to dig trenches and use them for protection/barracks for the war. They used a wave maneuver to attack other sides, where they swarmed over No-man’s land (huge danger of being shot from opposite side) to try to get in to the other side’s trenches to fight. This kind of attack caused many casualties because people became very vulnerable once on No-man’s land. Gas attacks were also used but they were hard to control since the wind could change direction and blow it back to your own side. People had to constantly have masks It caused a lot of suffering and immediate death (lungs deteriorated), If you didn’t die you were still severely affected. Psychologically as well. Tanks were invented and used, however they also had a difficult time because they continually got stuck in the mud. Tanks were first invented in this war. However they were rushed into combat before the idea of it was fully perfected. So they were usually defective. Very good for fighting, hard time on No-Mans land Places that were bombed a lot caused tanks to get stuck. They also broke down a lot. Out of 42 sent to the Battle of Somme, 32 actually could begin attacking, however only 9 made it across No-man’s land. World War 2 Tank became the dominating weapon Used other methods over land and sea unlike ww1 some sea battles were so expansive that sometimes ships could not even see each other because they sent aircrafts to bomb/sink the other side. America and Britain mainly used aerial warfare because it could be destructive enough to cause surrender (e.g. Hiroshima) AIR WARFARE: Strategic: used bombers to destroy the opposing side’s industries, cities, and morale. The ‘Heavy Bomber’ aircraft was used for this, primarily by british and American Troops Tactical: Used planes to attack opposing side’s army forces on the battlefield. They usually coordinated with their own troops on the ground The ‘Fighter Bomber’ was the plane they mainly used for this. It was fast and heavily armed/armored. NAVAL WARFARE: Submarines became a major danger to ships Germans used a ‘Wolf Pack’ technique where they ganged up and used coordinated attacks on shipping convoys American forces adopted this method and used it against the Japanese The normal type of submarine used was the ‘Torpedo’ and the most famous of these being the ‘Long Lance’ used by the Japanese, which sunk 4 cruisers. LAND WARFARE: Tanks: Fast, heavily armored and low to the ground. Armed with powerful large and small caliber guns. The Soviet ‘T-34’ was considered the best model. The Germans liked it so much that they copied it and called it a ‘Panther Tank’ Artillery: Was developed to have easy mobility. Guns were often mounted on tracked, self-propelled carriages. Hand-carried rocket launchers were widely used against tanks. Example of that would be the Bazooka. Small Arms: Small, semi-automatic hand guns were used. People liked them because you didn’t have to pull a lever or bolt, and they weren’t hard to reload. (simple) Similarities: Other than the fact that firepower was the main weapon of choice, the wars differed widely in fighting methods. Differences: – Tanks were changed from tall unwieldy vehicles that fought alongside troops, to an independent offensive weapon. – The range of different firepower weapons increased dramatically, as well as quality No longer fought in trenches or used the ‘storming’ technique. First world war was an offensive attack of the Germans, however the second was more about border conflict. New developments in technology for battle World war 1 Armored tanks (1915), Junkers (1918), Bomber (1916-1918), Garros (1915), Voison, Gas (1915), Synchronized guns (1916), Antiaircraft (1916), Bolt action rifle, Lee Enfield, Mauser Rifle World war 2 M1 Garand, MP43 (Sturmgewehr 44), Colt M1911, Bazooka, Panzerfaust Almost all types of technology were utilized, although major developments were: Weaponry; including ships, vehicles, aircraft, artillery, rocketry, small arms, and biological, chemical and atomic weapons. Logistical support; including vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers and supplies, such as trains, trucks, and aircraft. Communications and intelligence; including devices used for navigation, communication, remote sensing and espionage. Medicine; including surgical innovations, chemical medicines, and techniques Industry; including the technologies employed at factories and production/distribution centers. Similarities between the two wars In both technology dictated the way the war was fought and often dictated events on the battlefield. Differences between the two wars Technology was relatively primitive in world war 1, with most of the war being done in trenches. Early airplanes were used. Poisonous gas was deployed for the first time. In World War 2, tanks were used as the main deployment in many areas. Planes had improved, and bombers and fighters were heavily used. Submarines were also more heavily used. Encryption codes for secret also became more complex.

Chamonix in the French Alps Essay

Show how Mary Shelley achieves effects through the skilful use of settings in â€Å"Frankenstein†.  I am going to explore how Mary Shelley uses settings and locations to great effect in her novel Frankenstein.  Mary Shelley was born in 1797 and was an only child. Her father was a novelist and her mother was a feminist. However her mother died only ten days after she was born. This meant Mary did not receive much emotional support or nurture as a child. In her teens Mary ran away with the poet Percy Shelley across Europe. They visited Switzerland and stayed at the Villa Diodati near Lake Geneva, the home of poet Lord Byron. Whilst there it rained constantly and many storms passed by with lots of thunder and lightening. The occupants decided to have a competition to write a story and this is where Mary Shelley began to write â€Å"Frankenstein†, aged only 19. The book begins with the explorer Robert Walton and his crew trying to find a passage through the North Pole. He then discovers a despaired Victor Frankenstein on the ice sheets. After being rescued, Victor begins to tell his story. His story starts with his childhood in Geneva, then going to university in Ingoldstadt and making the creature there. Then he talks of escaping it by going to Chamonix in the French Alps. The book ends with Victor chasing the creature to the North Pole where Victor meets Walton.  I think the inclusion of the North Pole at the start of the book works well because it fits well with the creature that Frankenstein creates. The North Pole and the creature are both mysterious and isolated. Additionally Walton is trying to overcome the North Pole just like Victor is trying to cope with the creature. The use of Robert Waltons’ letters also make the story seem more plausible Victor Frankensteins’ house in Geneva, where he grew up, is almost the complete opposite of the North Pole. His house has a happy and friendly atmosphere. It is also a spacious and relaxing. The description of ‘blue laked and snow clad mountains’ and ‘scene so beautiful and heavenly’ must have been so welcoming to Victor after spending time studying at university in Ingoldstadt where he created the creature in his lab. When Victor tries to escape from the horror of his creature and its actions he runs off to Chamonix, in the French Alps. However the creature follows him here and tells his story. I think Chamonix is a clever location for this part of the book because it fits in well with feelings of the characters. For example Victor is isolated and defenceless just like the baron landscape and the Creature is angry and aggressive like the hostile environment. Also it is described as ‘rising like the waves of a troubled sea’ which shows also that Victor is still troubled by what might happen. This is another example of sympathetic background, when the characters mood is reflected in the setting. The book ends with Victor pursuing the creature across Europe, Russia and eventually back to the North Pole where they meet Robert Walton. This is a fitting end to the book because it brings the book full circle back to the beginning. It is also the extreme conditions of the North Pole that finally force Victor to his death. They also destroy the moral of Waltons’ crew so much they force him to turn around. The North Pole defeats all the people there.  In conclusion I think that Mary Shelley uses sympathetic background as a key effect in the book in order to make the book more interesting realistic. Also she drew on her own experiences of life and where she had been to add to the vivid detail in order to enhance the book further.

Government involvement in the economy where the line between delicate care and tight control should be drawn

Government involvement in the economy where the line between delicate care and tight control should be drawn Introduction Although government often influences the economy of the state greatly, the link between the two is rather loose. In fact, once a state allows private entrepreneurship, economy is no longer in the hands of those beholding power – on the contrary, these are business people who shape the realm of the state’s economy, thus, contributing to its development and enhancing the cooperation with foreign countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Government involvement in the economy: where the line between delicate care and tight control should be drawn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Naturally, letting the state economy be guided by private industries must seem extremely risky to the government, which must be the key reason why in most states, the question whether economy should be government-driven or powered by private entrepreneurships solely remains open. Like many other dilemmas, the given one seems to have its solution concealed in between the choices. While private entrepreneurships must be the key driving power behind the state economy, in the instances of crises, the interference of the government is crucial for the state economy to be stable; however, in an attempt to control the market and prevent the possibility of a crisis, the government creates obstacles in the way of private enterprises development. Government Control vs. Freedom of Entrepreneurship: The Golden Mean Whenever government tries to take control over the state economy and coordinate the actions of private entrepreneurs, the progress of the state is threatened, mostly because authorities tend to impose their vision of what strategies the companies should adopt. Therefore, basically, by intruding into the sphere of private entrepreneurship, the government creates only two problems, yet these problems affect the business sphere immensely, shaping the economy of the state and influencing other fields, such as finances, social life, the international image of the state, etc. To be more exact, with its interference into the realm of private business, government restrains entrepreneurship and intrudes rudely into the financial operations of private businessmen, which can be viewed as the infringement of the latter’s rights. Another obvious problem with the intrusion of the state into the private business sphere is that the solutions to the problems, as well as the strategies, cannot possibly take into account every single specifics of the company in question; otherwise, the state would have to control every single move of every single company, which would be practically impossible.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To make the matters worse, the principles of organizational and industrial psychology would be ignored completely in the cases when the state would have to make a decision for the company. Therefore, not only the financial state of affairs in the company would gradually turn worse, but also the company culture and the quality of the organizational behavior. Finally, being ruled by the government, an organization can possibly lose the track of the updates on the company data, which will definitely lead to the organization’s rapid decay. The last, but definitely not the least argument concerns personal freedom. Even though the state control over entrepreneurships might be viewed as the means to make certain that the state economy is going in the right direction, it must be admitted that the unceasing manipulation of private companies by the government can be regarded as the infringement of people’s rights to run their own business. It would be wrong, however, to claim that the government must not interfere into the state economy under any circumstances. While in the realm of reasonable competition and great financial assets of the country, private entrepreneurship will most likely flourish even in the foreign market, combining their own advantages with the support that the state gives them, in the crisis environment, private enterprises will need considerable help. At this point, the government should provide businesses with financial, economic and moral support for them to feel safe even in such critical situation. Therefore, the positive aspects of government interfering the economic affairs of the state enterprises is that in cases of crises, government helps find the ways to deal with the crisis faster, offering at the same time financial support. In case of a crisis, there are three basic steps that the government can take to help entrepreneurships, including cutting taxes, providing the growth of money supply and making the interest rates rise. Though cutting taxes might lead to the problems regarding free state services, for example, providing free medical help (Medicare), or offering free tuit ion in public schools, together with the pension cuts, state grants and other monetary supplies. That being said, it becomes clear that the growth of money supply for the private entrepreneurships will most likely strike a fraction of the state population, who are just as vulnerable towards shifts in the state economy as private entrepreneurships. However, the changes listed above often happen to be very difficult to carry out. Since the slightest change in the governmental policy regarding a specific issue will inevitably trigger a rapid change in the related fields, the government is often quite reluctant to shape the existing policy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Government involvement in the economy: where the line between delicate care and tight control should be drawn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, once the government takes actions, the rest of the fields in economy, politics and finances will d emand further changes. Hence, it can be concluded that the governmental impact on the economic progress of the state can be quite positive as long as the government does not impose its will on the private enterprises for them to change their strategy and shape their course of actions towards the one that the state authorities consider more reasonable. Working on the Probable Solutions: Reaching a Compromise Although the issue concerning the state control over entrepreneurship is rather complicated, it can still be solved once the owners of private enterprises, as well as the representatives of the government structures, try to find a common language and search for possible compromises. However, one issue must be made perfectly clear; on no account may private entrepreneurship be ruled by any other person than its legal owner. After the owners of private companies realize that they have the right to control their enterprise on their own, they will be able to work on a reasonable solu tion to the given issue. Among the already existing suggestions, the mixed economy should be mentioned. According to the existing definition, a mixed economy is the economic strategy that defines the role of the government as protecting public companies and preserving the private ones. It is important to keep in mind that the economical performance of a state should be defined by its GDP (Gross Domestic Product, i.e., the productivity of the companies within a particular country) and GNP (the productivity of the companies belonging to the residents of the specified country). Therefore, it is essential that private enterprises should be encouraged and not restricted by the governmental policies. Needless to say, the sphere of the governmental influence should be restricted to consulting and drawing possible plans for the further development; however, according to what Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnik say, the current American government seems to have adopted a more compromising policy tow ards private companies: â€Å"On the fiscal side, the Obama Administration asked Congress for both tax cuts and a massive ‘stimulus package’ that would boost government spending† (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnik 395). Therefore, it is clear that compromise is achievable, yet both sides need to work on the strategy that will allow for as much flexibility as possible. Conclusion Judging by the fact that the state economy rates are predetermined by the GNP and GDP indices, which are shaped mostly by private entrepreneurships, which seem to be well aware of their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the strategies that are most likely to help them succeed both in the domestic and foreign market, it is most reasonable to allow private entrepreneurship choose their own ways of development and create marketing strategies. However, in the case of an economic or financial crisis brought on by the outside factors, the interference of the government is essential for the well-be ing of the national economy.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it can be considered that the best strategy for any government in general and the American government in particular will be to leave the economic strategies development to the owners of the enterprises and private analysts, and appear only when there is the need to use the help of the governmental authorities specializing in economic issues. Unless private enterprises are given an opportunity for growth, the state is most likely to be stuck in the economic recession. Gitelson, Alan R., Robert L. Dudley and Melvin J. Dubnik. American Government. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

Midterm film analysis paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm film analysis paper - Movie Review Example The primary strategy of Dom Cobb comprised of his ability to project himself into the subconscious minds of other people to steal ideas and information, which even the most virtuoso of hackers could not pillage with all the technology and skills lying at their disposal. So, Cobb is projected in the movie as the ultimate tool specializing in corporate espionage. However, as is common with most of the capable men, Cobb has many accounted issues imbuing his past, to redeem which he is made to embark on a mission that is to become his way to redemption. However, this mission tends to be different in the sense that this Time Cobb is required to plant an idea into rather than gleaning some information from the mind of his target. Cobb and his ensemble team of espionage specialists would have certainly entered into a new dimension of psychic espionage had they succeeded. However, this time their mission is made complex and complicated by a capable adversary who not only knows what they are up to, but also possesses the power to stop them. To put it simply, in Inception, Christopher Nolan has managed to come out with a fantasy scenario, unraveling in the realm of the mind that is not only awesomely fantastic, original and innovative, but also requires multiple viewing to grasp its full potential and scope. It is a movie that exploits the existing technical expertise in the realm of cinematography to come out as being something interestingly stunning and audaciously bold. There is no denying the fact that Nolan’s primary theme in Inception is the dream world. The mastery of Nolan lies in his ability to use the cinematic devices to bring to the life the hitherto unexplored dynamics of the dream world. Not only Nolan manages to create a complicated maze meandering into the dreams of the characters in the movie, but also succeeds in soliciting the trust and confidence of his viewers in his

Psychology. Creating a Personal Counselling Theory Essay

Psychology. Creating a Personal Counselling Theory - Essay Example Based on these 13 dominant counselling theories, I have formed my own personal counselling framework. My personal counselling theory is comprised of two of these dominant theories: Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and Alfred Adler's individual psychology. These two theories hold similar viewpoints in regard to defining, describing, identifying, explaining, and changing behavior. The context of both theories explained by Mosak and Ellis (as cited in Corsini & Wedding, 2005) stressed that Ellis believed emotional disturbances resulted by the person's view on the situation, and that his type of therapy, the therapeutic process, with one main intervention technique would change irrational beliefs into rational ones. Adler, also believed emotional disturbances resulted by inferiority feelings and his type of therapy, individual psychology, with various intervention techniques would encourage social interest. According to the "Nature of Theory" (n.d.) article there are four primary elements of a good theory: Philosophical, descriptive, prescriptive and evaluative elements. This paper will examine each element in regard to Adler's and Ellis' theories concluding with my personal views. This paper will identify and justify the theoretical frameworks that make sense to me and will integrate them into a cohesive personal theory. My personal way of understanding and describing the human condition and facilitating change will also be discussed. More specifically, this paper contains five sections, the introduction, the philosophical assumptions, the counselling experience, reflections and the closing. The First section, the philosophical assumptions, will discuss my philosophical assumptions as it relates to my theory. I will provide my personal views on the nature of humans, the nature of well adjusted functioning, the major causes of the problems, and the nature of change. I will incorporate my theories view on each level, and discuss how it relates to the four elements of a good theory. The second section, the counselling experience is comprised of two topics: my definition of counselling, and the process of beliefs limited to the counsellor client relationship. The first topic will include my original and revised definition of counselling. The second topic will be broken down into six subsections including counsellor and client roles, session structure, emphasis on past, present and future, emphasis on beliefs, the relationship of behaviors and emotions, the change process including resistance, interventions, the criteria and definition of success and contextual factors. In th e six subsections, I will incorporate my personal beliefs and reflections including strengths and weakness I may have in the area, my personal counselling theories stance in that area, and how it relates to the elements of a good theory. The third section will reflect on the limitations of my personal theory and explain why I am drawn to this theory from a professional and personal context. The last section will